Refractive Surgery

Traditional correction of refractive errors includes eyeglasses and contact lenses. Refractive surgery seeks to reduce or eliminate the refractive error by surgically altering the curvature of the cornea or in some cases by implanting a lens within the eye. Cataract surgery (removing a clouded lens from within the eye) is actually the most ancient form of refractive surgery.

Radial Keratotomy (RK) - Developed in the Soviet Union in the 70's, a procedure using a diamond bladed scalpel to create spoke-wheel incisions in the cornea resulting in a flattening of the corneal curvature and posterior relocation of the focal point. Effective for low myopia but limited by lack of predictability and long-term refractive instability, largely supplanted by LASIK currently.

Photorefractive Keratectomy (PRK) - A procedure which uses the energy from an Excimer laser to reshape the corneal curvature. Useful for higher degrees of myopia, this treatment is more predictable and stable than RK but may involve a longer healing time, discomfort and prolonged used of eyedrop medication.

Laser Assisted In Situ Keratomileusis (LASIK) - A modification of  PRK in which first a thin corneal flap is created and next a layer of tissue is removed with the Excimer laser. Finally, the flap is placed back into position. Minimal discomfort, rapid return of vision and predictability have made this the most popular procedure in use today. Flap problems can impede visual outcome.

Lens implants - Similar to the intraocular lenses utilized in cataract surgery, these techniques show promise in the treatment of high refractive errors but with a higher risk of complications.

Intracorneal rings and discs - These techniques have the advantage of reversibility.